The dissolution of the monasteries Essays - Christianity

The dissolution of the monasteries By Tommaso Faulkner 8RN Here we are today at one of the monasteries king Henry has recently shut down and we are here to discover how the protestants and Catholics think about this change so all we know is that king Henry the eighth wanted a divorce to his new wife Catherine of Aragon so he asked the pope because only the pope can give him permission to divorce but the pope said no so Henry said that the pope had no power in England and that from now on all the priests and monks were going to have to do what he said and not what the pope said and made himself the head of the church in England then he gave himself a divorce and married the pregnant Anne Boleyn hoping for a son now while you may think that he was protestant he was neither not catholic and not protestant in fact he passed a law saying that the church still had to have catholic services and didn't change the inside of a church at all. But anyway back to the present right now I am about to interview a protestant let's see what he says hello what 's your name?' My names john.' Can you tell us what your protestant beliefs are?' We believe that the church is to rich. People give the church lots of money but the bishops and monks spend it all on clothes and palaces instead of on helping the poor after all that is why we give money to the church so that they can help the poor but instead they spend it on what they want catholic priests are corrupt and lazy they do not do their jobs properly, the services are all in Latin they should be in English so that we can learn the stories and so that we can be closer to god and it's hard to be close to god if you cannot understand the services or read the bible yourself and then they allow rich people to pay a bishop or a pope to have their sins forgiven and only god can forget your sins, churches should be simple and plain because a simple church brings people closer to god the altar should be replaced by a wooden table and there should not be any ornaments which distract people from foc using on god. Ministers should wear simple robes they are ordinary people they should be free to marry Jesus Christ is the head of the church Christ is more important than a human leader like the pope the way to salvation is to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ only Jesus can forgive sins people do not need priests to help them find god believing in Jesus is the only way to heaven and salvation the way you practise religion is very important if you do not worship in the right way you will go to hell for eternity' thank you john goodbye' goodbye' so now we have learnt how the protestants feel let's find out about the Catholics hello what are you called?' My name is victor,' hello victor can you tell us what your Catholics beliefs are?' We believe that the altar is the focal point of the church it should look spectacular to show god how much we love him there should be candle sticks and ornaments on it the pope and his bishops can forgive sins people can show that they are sorry fo r their sins if they give a gift to the church, churches should be highly decorated with paintings and coloured windows showing gods glory people nee priests to help them find god the priests act as a link between an individual and god priests should wear special clothes to reflect their special status as the link between man and god they should not get married but devote their lives totally to god the pope is the head of the church god appointed him he knows best what god wants the church to do the way to salvation is to follow the teachings of the church what you believe about god and the way you practise your

13 Jobs With The Biggest Pay Increases in 2016

13 Jobs With The Biggest Pay Increases in 2016 in the past year, the average american worker’s salary has gone up 2.5%. but that’s the average. some workers in certain fields actually saw much larger increases in 2016. here are the 13Â  jobs that saw the highest pay increases.1. communications managercommunication managers saw an average salary increase from 2015 to 2016 of 5%, raising their median base pay from $80k to $84k. communications managers need a bachelor’s degree in communications or pr plus several years experience, and spend their time overseeing internal and external messaging for their organizations.2. underwriterunderwriters decide who gets a mortgage, based on the applicant’s credit, capacity, and collateral. the job requires a high school diploma, plus an education program and the passing of an exam. they also saw an average pay increase last year of 5%, from $57k to $60k.3. case managercase managers work in health care to provide guidance and action plans for people coping with comp lex medical situations. they can be rns, social workers, pts, and most employers prefer at least an associate’s degree in human services or social work. this position saw an average increase of 6%, from over $42k to $45k.4. marketing coordinatorthis position also saw an increase of 6%, from over $42k to $45k. these folks assist marketing managers in different ways, from company to company. to get this job, you’ll want a bachelor’s degree in marketing and have some experience at the entry-level or as an intern.5. claims adjusterclaims adjusters assess damages done to properties for insurance companies. they need a bachelor’s degree in finance, insurance, or business, plus intern or entry-level experience in the field, and to pass a licensure exam. but this position saw a 6% pay increase, from $45k to nearly $48k.6. admissions representativea bachelor’s degree (in education, admissions, customer services, or sales) is required to recruit and inform p otential applicants for colleges, but this position saw a 7% increase in median base pay, from $42k to nearly $45k.7. data analystdata analysts work across a wide variety of industries, interpreting data and providing insight to companies on how to make informed business decisions. the average pay increase last year was 7%, from just under $61k to $65k per year.8. media plannermedia planners are in charge of digital media campaigns- from soup to nuts- and often work within ad agencies. they need a bachelor’s degree in the liberal arts, plus experience starting out in the field, usually as an assistant media buyer. the average pay increase last year was 7%, from over $42k to $45k.9. registered nurse (rn)registered nurses also saw an average increase of 7%, from over $63k to $68k per year. this position requires an associate’s degree in nursing, and applicants must pass a national licensing exam.10. recruiterrecruiters put job seekers into jobs, working to please both fu ture employees and their employers. think of them as the matchmakers of the business world. they typically have a bachelor’s degree in hr, or a certification in that field, plus some experience. but their pay increase last year was 7%, from $42k to $45k per year.11. implementation consultantanother 7% increase, from $70k to $75k per year. this position requires several years’ experience, plus a bachelor’s degree in computer science or it, but can work across a wide variety of industries, helping them to develop their software or hardware applications.12. sales managersales managers saw a whopping 11% pay increase from 2015 to 2016, from ~$66k to $73k per year. they need a bachelor’s degree and a few years experience as a sales rep, but then they oversee their own teams and start raking in the cash.13. certified nursing assistant (cna)certified nursing assistants report to nurses, giving hands-on care to medical patients. they don’t need a college d egree, but they do need to go through an accredited cna program to get credentialed. they also saw an amazing 11% increase in pay, from $45k to $50k per year.

Ad Evaluation

The focal point of this paper is to write a 3 page essay evaluating one commercial advertisement from a popular magazine and analyze it with an evaluation of its effectiveness in light of its purpose, paying particular attention to how well its various components work together to persuade. Jean Kilbourne makes an excellent point in her portrayal of advertisement and its appearance of violence and sexually predatory nature. Blatantly sexist, implied violence and the essence of fear or dominance would be inherent in advertisement of all descriptions from lingerie, to jeans all the way to peanut butter. Jean Kilbourne’s essay shows us how much we ignore in the world of advertisement, which simply exemplifies that which we ignore in life as a whole. Her portrayal of the difference between perceptions of men and women in the various ads, including such concepts as intimacy, violence and innocence would be such as to either cause alarm or to cause us to seriously examine the route advertisement is taking in the role of human behaviors. Human behavior is altered by stimuli outside the mind, but absorbed by that same mind. It is this absorption that must be considered when understanding the human psyche. Sexual advertisement has a tendency to increase violence done by men continuously exposed to the ads and the industry continues to use these sexual images for attention magnets. The biggest problem with this now would be the fact that now teenagers and children have become a target audience, resulting in addiction toward images and brands. Jean Kilbourne’s essay is quite an informative piece. It proves that what we see and what we get are obviously gender separate, and also can be either intimidating, or thought provoking dependent upon that gender. Most, if not all, advertisement can be considered mildly offensive, no matter the implied innocence. For example, Calvin Klein’s underwear ads spark outrage to this day and yet, regardless that they are only there for a few moments or weeks even, it is enough for people to go out and buy his underwear line. This, without realizing our own actions, simply feeds the desire to continue the outrageous behaviors displayed within the advertisements. A second example, both on the feminine and masculine side of intimidation, Diet Coke advertisements of Cindy Crawford in a very short skirt drinking a Diet Coke and being ogled by men and boys of all ages and on the other side of the coin, the sweat-coated construction worker ogled by the women in their office building as he drinks the soft drink. In Jean Kilbourne’s essay she states that â€Å"First, the industry spreads the sexual images using the media regardless of appropriate types of media. She cites Paris Hilton as prime example just in the year 2005. There are no doubts that Jean Kilbourne’s criticism of our efforts to put a halt to violence and even the innuendo of violence in both feminist movements and equality based ones, would in fact be direct and to the point in her understanding of what is acceptable, and what should hardly be. The affect of these ads on the younger minds alters the landscape in such a way that we would see it in the actions of younger and younger children. For instance, the rape of a six year old girl by an eight year old on the same bus while on their way home from school as she was held down by four other boys. There are many images that continue to testify to the belief that violence against women is acceptable, that sex, in the case of the woman, cannot be proven as rape because she is a woman. There is an advertisement, in the March 9, 2006 Rolling Stone magazine on pages five and six of a man pulling a woman’s jeans off on a beach. A blatant testament of dominant sexuality, and then add to that the advertisement on page nine of four pairs of women’s legs, showing off the shoes, or showing off the smooth legs? This is no doubt a blatant approach toward masculine attention. Rolling Stone is a very obvious method of exploitation, both masculine and feminine. An advertisement further in this issue proves that with a woman whose clothing shows the curvature of her bust quite blatantly and then a large white feather pointing directly toward the cleavage. She stands there with her lashes lowered and a bottle of Skyy Vodka with a glass in her hands. Fashion and the industry that supports it would be a blatant exposition utilizing many sexual images with both teenagers and adults, usually exposing too much of the torso in their advertisement, their shows and so forth. This would constitute a blatant reinforcement of the vulnerability of women, and now, even more so, of children. Jean Kilbourne has a very good point in her critical assessment of the world of advertising and its affect on both the masculine and feminine gender. Her critical assessment should be considered a wake up call for all in that we ignore the warning signs and exploit the danger in place of fighting against it. Thus, in her essay, she proved her theory quite sufficiently in that the industry would continually uses sexual images specifically to capture the attention of people, and now, teenagers and children have become the target audience thus becoming addicted to both the images and the brand. If we do not fight as equals, then feminism has no true hold on culture in any way. This, in actuality, is of a far greater impact on the lives of men and women, as well as boys and girls. The fact that these ads continue would tell us that feminism is losing its hold on the minds of many. Ads have a tendency to mold a generation, and the portrayal of men and women in suggestive or violent poses manages a platform for strong debate. References: Kilbourne, Jean; Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt: Advertising and Violence; Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing 5th Edition; St. Martin’s Press 2001 Jan S. Wenner Editor and Publisher; Rolling Stone Magazine: 1290 Avenue of the Americas; New York, NY 10104-0298 USA

Critical Appraisal Of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Articles Essay

Critical Appraisal Of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Articles - Essay Example The article titled â€Å"Analyzing Qualitative interview data. Addressing issues of reliability and validity† presented by   J.V. Appleton deals with the aspects that must be taken into consideration while conducting a qualitative research study to ensure the reliability and validity of the data (Appleton, 1995). In contrast, Shuster and Shannon (1994) in their article titled   â€Å"Differential Prehospital Benefit from Paramedic Care† present the aspects affecting the efficacy of quantitative research methods. Both article authors have based their findings on the results of actual studies they have personally carried out in order to assess the relative efficacy of either method. The two articles present a valuable insight into the process of conducting research and the means that may be employed to ensure that data obtained are as valid and reliable as possible. Both these studies were conducted using health professionals as the source of the data. J.V. Appleton (1995) is a healthcare visitor/worker and the aim and objective of her research effort were to identify a set of criteria to identify and determine which families could be considered â€Å"vulnerable† from the point of view of child protection. The method chosen for her research study was a qualitative approach based on a two-fold process – the administration of questionnaires as well as follow up interviews. The reason for the choice of a qualitative approach lay in the fact that this was an exploratory study designed to elicit the perspective of healthcare workers. Therefore the quality of the data was dependent upon the richness and quality of the responses that needed to be obtained rather than upon statistical numbers and figures that could be used as the basis for the study. Qualitative research has been found to be useful in the study of exploratory phenomena (Morse, 1991).   Appleton’s study was based upon questionnaires administered to 1 2 healthcare workers followed up by face to face interviews, with a tape recorder being used in all cases.

Investment & Retirement Account Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment & Retirement Account - Research Paper Example Bonds are usually risk free and they are the best investment for retirement purposes. That will ensure that an investor gets assured returns at the end of the year. The use of options is highly risky. However, if the gains are positive, the returns will be high. The other advantage of options is the fact that the returns are usually frequent. In the case of a person wanting to retire, he/she will be assuring of frequent returns that will be used for survival purposes. Stocks are advantageous because they are a source of accumulating wealth and frequent dividends. The difference between traditional IRA’s and Roth is mainly on the payment of taxes for the deposits. In the case of the traditional IRA, taxes are paid at the end when a person is withdrawing the retirement money. There are some instances when a person can escape taxes in the front end in a case whereby money is put in the account. In the case off Roth IRA, it is the opposite of that. Taxes are usually paid in the front end and there are no extra taxes at the back end. For both accounts, money usually grows tax free while in the account. The other difference is on the contribution differences. For traditional IRA, anyone who has an earned income can contribute. However, for Roth IRA, there are income limits

Chinese Mythology Essay Example for Free

Chinese Mythology Essay Mythology is a collection of myths or the study of ancient traditional stories of gods or heroes, giving an explanation to an unexplained event. For Plato, the fist known user of the term, muthologia meant know more than the telling of stories (Kirk 8). Mythology is an important aspect to the world, today. Through the study of myths help us develop an idea of what the cultures were like. It includes hints that exhibit how they lived their lives. Myth is its serious purpose and its importance to the culture (Lansford 1). Every culture has its own myth that explains about the nature of that particular culture. The Chinese culture has been around for many centuries, its myths have accumulated into varies stories of gods and their culture. China is the worlds oldest continuous civilization (Cotterel 9). Evidence show the earliest Chinese civilization to be found around 1650 B. C. The beginnings of Chinese mythology, started around the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Influenced by alchemist ideas, Taoist and Buddhist superstitions, various writers created storied about their enigmatic surroundings. The beginning of the Chinese civilization is based on mythology. One of the creation myths is about the beginning of the world. In it, the world began as an egg and cracking open, the top of the shell grew to be the sky, the lower shell became the Earth, and in the middle stepped a man named Pan-gu. Mythology of the ancient Chinese is apparent through art, music and literature. Since, there is no explanation of how the Chinese civilization began; mythology has been a way of explanation to the Chinese culture and other cultures around the world, today. Chinese mythology, as with many other cultures, has many gods and goddesses that are in charge of various things. In the Ancient Chinese culture, there are gods and goddesses for every important aspect of the peoples life, even things as unlikely as the stove god and the door god. Other deities that were important to the Chinese people were the gods of the elements such as Chu Jung, the fire god, Lei Kun, the thunder god, the wind god, and the lightning goddess. Most of the element gods devoted themselves to punishing criminals and keeping evil spirits away. There were also important gods in charge of fields such as Kuan Ti, the god of war, Kuan Yin, the goddess of compassion, TShai-shen, the god of wealth and Tsao hsang, god of the hearth. Although there gods were very important to the Chinese people, one of the most important gods was Nu wa, the mother goddess. She was a compassionate goddess who created mankind and bestowed love and creation to them. She helped her people when they were in need, like when she created rice from her own milk and blood in order to feed her people. She was very humble and a modest goddess, not wanting credit for her benevolence. The gods and goddesses of Chinese mythology were basically deities that symbolized the good and just qualities that people should imitate in their everyday life. The basis of Chinese life was a belief in harmony and balance (Williams 20). The Chinese believed in harmony with nature, and sometimes honored the spirits with gifts, feasts, and rituals. The Chinese believed the souls of the dead returned (Williams 20), a concept of Buddhism. The family held Chinese society together (Williams 20). In China, many generations of families lived together, even in the same house, and the children were taught to respect and obey their elders (Williams 20). As in all cultures, men were ? superior to women in China. Parents believed they would become gods after they died, if they had a son (Williams 21). This belief was taken fiercely to the point that the parents would kill a newborn female. A custom that the upper-class women followed was of foot binding, which was believed to make the foot appear tiny, since the culture considered small feet feminine and delicate. The most important festival in China was the Chinese New Year, it is held in the spring of each year. During this festival, offerings were given to the sprits. In China, the color white is considered the mourning color and the children showed respect for dead parents by fasting and wearing thick clothes (Williams 21). Most beliefs and customs of the Chinese culture appear from the religions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Chinese culture has a long history of beliefs and customs, which are used by the generations before and now. It is highly unlikely that the generations to come would not be following the same beliefs and customs of the ancient Chinese. The origin of religion goes back to prehistoric times when the earliest people of China sought answers to the same basic questions that have baffled primitive men over the world: what is the unseen force that brings darkness and light, winter and summer, drought and rain, life and death; what must men do to appease this force? (Schafer 57) Ancient China has three main religions Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Confucius was concerned mostly with laws made by people, and whether people were naturally good or naturally evil. In contrast, the followers of Lao-tzu believed people were guided by universal laws, not human ones. This was the basis of Taoism (Williams 18). Taoists tried to live a life of simplicity and meditation close to nature. Taoism was mystical and influenced by ancient Chinese folk religion. Its followers used magic as well as prayer and diet to seek eternal youth (Williams 19). Taoists were peaceful people who generally lived peaceful lives. Buddhists follow the teachings of Buddha (born 563 B. C. ), a north Indian prince who devoted his life to a search for personal peace, or enlightenment. The name Buddha means enlightened one. He believed that by giving up worldly desires, such as for fine food and clothes, a blissful state called nirvana could be achieved. In nirvana there was freedom from sorrows of the world. Indian belief as that time held that people were reborn many times. Persons who had lived badly in former lives might be born in an animal or insect form. Buddha said that by reaching nirvana, this endless cycle of rebirth could be broken (Cotterell 27). Buddhists follow an eight-fold path, this is like a code by which they live. Confucianism came in earlier than Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. The so-called Confucian classics were, in fact, complied long after the death of Confucius by disciples of his disciples, and were edited and interpreted in Han times by government scribes; but they purport to reflect the views of the great sage of antiquity on history, religious rites, morals, and standards of behavior. The state officers of Han times accepted these interpretations and associated them with the standardized pagan nature worship of state cult as a part of the acceptable way of life for a Han gentleman. We in the west sometimes call this way of life, which includes both reverence for the ? ancient books and the ? ancient gods, ? Confucianism (Schafer 60-61). Confucianism flourished in China as so did the other religions. The Chinese were inquisitive people, always inventing and always wondering how things worked. It is only logical for them to generate religions that explain how life is and how it will be in the afterlife. In Chinese mythology, myths and legends deal with aspects of human nature, human relations and social life (Owens). Chinese myths use human traits, like emotion, to convey lessons. The myth on the creation of man clearly depicts the basics of a Chinese myth. After Pan-gu, creator of the world, died and his body transformed into different elements of the Earth, Nu wa, the dragon goddess, came down from heavens and admired Pan-gus creation. In order to honor Pan-gus sacrifice to the Earth, Nu wa decided to create humans. She started to make them out of yellow clay, but since it took much of her strength, she dipped a rope into the mud and when she took it out, the drips became people. Her clay and mud people were not alive, so her heart took pity and she breathed her divine breath into them. She also whispered thoughts of love and creation into their ears and told them to reproduce. The people made of yellow clay became the rich and the people Nu wa made of mud became the poor. This myth explains many aspects of human life. It explains how the social classes came to be and also human emotions. Nu wa shows human emotions like honor, when she was determined to let Pan-gus death not be in vain; in compassion, she breathed her divine breath into each and every human. This myth represents human relations because Nu wa put ideas of love and procreation into the human races mind. These Chinese myths explain how the good and bad came to be and how a person should live a happy a fulfilling life. Mythology is not a subject that should be ignored. It is an important subject that should be learned and understood by all cultures so that as a world, we can come to understand each other better. The first step in hatred is fear. Fear of the unknown can generate more hate than anyone could possibly fathom. If everyone became educated about other culture, there would be little to know unknown, and there would probably be less hate in the world. Mythology, the study of myths, gives people an insight to others dreams, hopes, and their fears. We all have hopes, dreams, and fears. By learning about other cultures hopes, dreams, and fears we can feel more connected to each other and reach out. Mythology is a key element in keeping peace without shedding blood. Work Cited Cotterel, Arthur. Ancient China. Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen. Myth: its meaning and functions in ancient and other culture California; University of California Press. 1970 Lansford, Tyler. Mythology Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002. Microsoft Corporation, 2002 Owens, D. W. Ancient Chinese Mythology: Gods and goddess folklore Google. com. November 5, 2003 Schafer, Edward H. Ancient China. New York; Time Inc. 1967 Williams, Brians. Ancient China. Middlesex, England; Reed Educational and Professional Publishing, Ltd. 1996.

How did the competition commission tame the supermarket giants :: Business and Management Studies

How did the competition commission tame the supermarket giants The Competition Commission is an independent public body established by the Competition Act 1998. The Competition Commission conducts in-depth inquiries into mergers, markets and the regulation of the major regulated industries, undertaken in response to a reference made to it by another authority. The Commission recently had the task of having the power to give one major supermarket chain the go ahead to merge with Safeway. The proposed acquisition of Safeway by Morrison’s, Asda, Tesco or Sainsbury’s was referred to the Competitive Commission under the Fair Trading Act by the Trade and Industry Secretary. The Commission can consider the opinions of all parties in determining whether any of the potential mergers is against the public interest. Topics for inclusion in the meeting could include both local and national issues, including the effect on consumers and suppliers of any proposed acquisition. The Competition Commission gave Morrison’s the green light over the other potential buyers such as Asda, Tesco and Sainsburys. This was due to a number of economic reasons. Although neither Safeway nor Morrison’s was struggling, both agreed the need to merge was very advantageous. Morrison’s was looking for a way to grow far more quickly, and could afford to fund an acquisition to achieve that goal as soon as possible. The successful bid for Morrison’s to take over Safeway would mean that Morrison’s would become a major and strong national player. The merge should exert a positive and competitive effect on retail in supermarkets and also benefit the customers. Some people found the Morrison’s bid to be against the public interest in particular local areas where the number of competing supermarkets would be reduced. However, subject to divestment of particular stores in these areas. Morrison’s bid for Safeway was allowed to proceed. The Competition Commission was given just over four and a half months to investigate the four merger situations. All of these needed to be assessed as to their likely impact on competition. Mainly in terms of which would be the most practical to economy. The decision was partly mad by undertaking isochrone analysis, which is mapping and positioning of stores area by area and the customers they serve. This provided detailed information on which areas would be affected as a result of reduced local competition. Morrison’s the medium-sized but very fast-growing British supermarket chain takeover of UK rival Safeway deal was worth 2.9bn.The combined firm, with 598 stores, a turnover of 12.6bn and a market share of 16%, aims to be able to compete with Asda, Sainsbury and Tesco, the giants of the UK supermarket sector. Both Morrison’s and Safeway have been

Family Expecations Essay

I have found that family expectations are both problematic as well as helpful as I have grown and matured.   My family’s expectations revolve around our shared histories and aspirations as well as their perceptions of what I might be successful at or enjoy in life.   On the other hand, my life outside of my family has developed to a point where I gain encouragement and confirmation about my abilities and projections from other sources, such as my peers, my work, and through socializing. My ultimate priorities are up to me and only I can determine whether or not I am meeting my expectations no matter what my family believes.   That being said, pressures and expectations from my family has helped me to identify certain paths that I might prove successful for me in the long term.   My family usually has my best intentions in mind when they discuss their expectations for me and that can be a comforting and confidence inspiring motivation.   Additionally, if I have doubts about meeting my expectations, my family is there to advise me on what they feel I should or should not be doing in a particular situation based on their wisdom and previous experiences. In contrast, I often feel that my family’s expectations for me are based around what they knew of me as a younger adult or child.   Instead of asking me about my current goals and projects, often times they will revert back to telling me what my dreams were as a kid, or even worse, what dreams they had for me when I was a kid.   I understand that they are trying to be optimistic and positive influences on me, but at the same time I have grown up outside of my family and have created new ideas and goals for my future; not the necessarily the future that they always have had envisioned for me. Prioritizing family expectations is a balancing act for me because I want to make my family proud while at the same time living life according to my own principles.   This can be a difficult terrain to traverse, but ultimately it leads to more open and honest discussions about the best way to live life.   In our family, these discussions can at times become heated, but they are always interesting and we come out of them with newfound respect and hopes for the future. I have found that sometimes not living up to family expectations has been the most fruitful decisions I have personally made in my life.   Making my own choices and following my dreams in spite of my family’s expectations has paid off.   My family is proud of me for having the courage and the ambition to follow through on what I believe in.   If that is in fact their ultimate expectation for me, then I have found the balance necessary to surpass those expectations in the face of all obstacles.

Effects of Temperature on Catalase

QUEENSLAND ACADEMY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE Term 1 2013 SUBJECT: BIOLOGY YEAR 11 HL & SL Name of Student: Name of Teacher: FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ITEM: Chemistry of Life Practical Investigation Term 1 Task: Investigation of a Factor Affecting Enzyme ActionAspects Assessed: D DCP CE MS Introduction:Thousands of enzymes are found in living cells. In addition to making life possible, many enzymes have numerous applications that affect our daily lives in other ways such as food processing, clinical diagnoses, sewage treatment, and the textile industry.In this activity you will investigate how a particular factor influences the action of an enzyme. Conditions: Students are NOT required to design an experiment. Experimental design has been provided for you to use instead. You are however required to submit a Risk Assessment for the investigation. Students are to work independently. However, you will need to collect raw data from 4 other students to make the 6 trials. T he final version is to be submitted to TURNITIN and then class teacher. A journal will need to be included as part of the final submission.Time Allowed: 4 weeksDue Dates Task Out first lesson week1, term 1, 2013Risk Ass Due: last Lesson week 2, Term 1, 2013Final: First lesson week 6, Term 1, 2013Procedure: Your task is to investigate the effect of temperature on the activity of enzyme catalase found in beef liver. Use the experimental design and the BioLab Guide provided to assist with your report write up.Safety Considerations:You must have the risk assessment checked before continuing. NOTE: For this task you are required to submit a journal which documents your progress. You are also required to include photographs which display the techniques you used in the experimental procedures. This evidence will be used in assessing your manipulative skills in this experiment| RESULTS: REFER TO the Assessment Grading Matrix| Effect of temperature on the activity of Catalase Design Aspect 1: Research QuestionThis lab will be driven by the research question, Do changes in temperature (from 0? C, 7? C, 19? C, 37? C, and 100? C) have an effect on the activity of the enzyme catalase (found in beef liver) in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide? Hypothesis If liver is placed in different temperatures of 0? C, 7? C, 19? C, 37? C, and 100? C and hydrogen peroxide is added to each piece of liver, then the liver placed in 37? C will have the largest reaction height. The liver in 100? C will have the smallest reaction height, followed by the liver in 0? C, then 7? C, and then 19?C. Introduction Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma defines enzymes as â€Å"protein molecules which act as catalysts for reactions. As catalysts, the real function of enzymes is to lower the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyze† (166). Enzymes are proteins; therefore the liver has a particularly high concentration of catalase. W hen hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to liver, catalase catalyzes a reaction in which the hydrogen peroxide is broken down into oxygen gas (O2) and liquid water (H2O).Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic chemical that is produced as a byproduct of many normal cellular reactions, so it is crucial that catalase in the liver breaks the hydrogen peroxide down into the two harmless substances of oxygen gas and liquid water. The hydrogen peroxide must be quickly degraded or converted, and catalase accomplishes this task because one molecule of catalase can deal with six million molecules of hydrogen peroxide in one minute. Enzymes and the temperature of their environment are particularly important to the human ody because â€Å"Many of the reactions which represent the digestive process would need far higher temperatures than we are able to maintain safely if enzymes were not involved† (166). The prediction in the hypothesis is based on the concept of denaturation. As Pearson Baccalaureat e: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma states, â€Å"Reactions which use enzymes do have an upper limit. That limit is based on the temperature at which the enzyme (as a protein) begins to lose its three-dimensional shape due to intramolecular bonds being stressed and broken.When an enzyme loses it shape, including the shape of the active site, it is said to be denatured† (75). Due to denaturation, the liver placed in 100? C will have the smallest reaction height because at this temperature catalase will begin to denature. Because â€Å"reactions with or without enzymes will increase their reaction rate as temperature (and thus molecular motion) increases†, the liver placed in 0? C, 7? C, and 19? C will have small reaction heights, but the heights will increase as temperature increases (75). The liver placed in 37?C will have the greatest reaction height because â€Å"human catalase works at an optimum temperature of 37? C, which is approx imately the temperature of the human body†. Although this lab is using beef liver instead of a human liver, the optimum temperature for beef liver should be similar to that of humans. The predictive graph on the previous page represents how as the temperature of beef liver originally increases, the height of the reaction increases as well due to an increase in molecular collisions. At a certain temperature, the catalase will reach its optimum temperature and have the greatest height of reaction.However, as the temperature continues to increase the enzyme will begin to lose its shape and denature, so the height of the reaction will decrease. This lab will be using beef liver, which contains the specific enzyme catalase, and by placing the liver into different temperatures it will be assessed how catalase performs under certain conditions. After the liver has been placed in different temperatures, hydrogen peroxide will be added to each piece of liver, and by measuring the heigh t of the chemical reaction it will be determined which temperatures catalase performs the best in.Reactions with a high height will represent catalase quickly and efficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide, and reactions with a low height will represent catalase slowly and inefficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. This lab will serve as a model for the role of enzymes in the human body, and will outline the importance of enzymes for the human body. Independent Variables The independent variable is the temperature of the liver, and it will be measured in ? C. The different temperatures used will be 0? C, 7? C, 19? C, 37? C, and 100? C. Dependent VariablesThe dependent variable is the height of the reaction, and the bubbles of gas produced will be measured in millimetres (mm). Control Variables Table 1: Control variables and their treatments Variable | Effect | Control | Size of liver | Could increase or decrease the height of the reaction. A larger piece of liver means more catalase, which could break down the H2O2 at a more efficient rate than smaller pieces of liver. | Cut every piece of liver the same size by weighing each piece on an electric beam balance. Each piece of liver is approximately 1. 4g. pH | pH has an effect on enzymes and each enzyme has an optimal pH. By making the liver more acidic, basic, or neutral the height of the reaction could increase or decrease as it deviates from its optimal pH. | Do not change the pH of any of the solutions. This lab is only investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, not the effect of pH on enzyme activity, so nothing should be added to the liver that would increase or decrease the pH. | Time | If some pieces of liver are kept in their specific temperatures longer than others, the height of the reaction could be greatly affected.By keeping the liver in its temperature for a shorter period of time, the liver itself has less time to change temperature which could greatly alter the resu lts. | Keep all of the pieces of liver in their specified temperatures for five minutes. | Size of test tube| Different sized test tubes will hold different volumes of O2 and will give incorrect measurements with the ruler| Keep all the test tubes the same size – with volume of 30cm3| Uncontrolled Variables The variables that will be difficult to control include air pressure in the lab and the volume of the liver.Measures will be taken to reduce the effect of these on the experiment by keeping air conditioning at 24? C and cutting the liver close to the same shape and size. Control Experiment The control experiment for this investigation will be the experimental setup at 0? C. All the steps in the method will be followed at this temperature. At 0? C the experiment should not proceed as the energy needed for enzyme action is unavailable. Design Aspect 2: Materials and Equipment Needed 10 Test Tubes 1 Package of Beef Liver 2 250mL Beakers 2 Test Tube Racks 1Forceps 1 Hot Plate 1LIce 1 Plastic Bin 20 mlHydrogen Peroxide 100 mL Beaker 1 10mL Graduated Cylinder 5 Thermometers 1 Sharpie 1 Electronic Beam Balance 1 Knife Method 1. Prepare an ice bath by placing ice into a container, and place a thermometer into the ice bath. Wait until the temperature has reached 0? C. 2. Prepare two more water baths like this at 7? C and 19? C. (You can replace these two temperatures with that of the fridge and room) 3. Prepare a hot water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 100? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. . Prepare a warm water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 37? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. 5. Obtain beef liver and cut the liver into 10 slices which are approximately the same size. Weigh each sl ice on an electronic beam balance to ensure they are the same weight. 6. Obtain 10 test tubes and place them into a test tube rack. Label 5 test tubes with a number from 1-5, and repeat for the remaining five test tubes. 7. Obtain 15mL of hydrogen peroxide and a graduated cylinder. . With forceps, place a piece of liver into each of the test tubes. 9. After the liver has been placed in the test tubes labelled 3, place a thermometer into the test tube rack and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute with a Sharpie. (This is the experiment at room temperature. If you have prepared a water bath at 19? C then use it instead). 10. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 1 from the test tube rack, place them in the ice bath, and wait for 5 minutes.After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the ice bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 11. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 2 from the test tube rack, place them in a different test tube rack and place this rack into the fridge. Place a thermometer into the fridge as well. Wait for 5 minutes, and then read the temperature of the fridge and remove the test tubes. Pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. If you have prepared a water bath at 7? C then use it instead). 12. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 4 from the test tube rack, place them in the warm water bath (37? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the warm water bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 13. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 5 from the test tube rack, place them in the hot water bath (1 00? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the hot water bath, add 2mL of ydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 14. With a ruler, measure from the bottom of the test tube to the mark which labels the maximum height of the reaction after 1 minute. Repeat this for all 10 test tubes, and record the measurements in your data table. 15. Pour the liver from each test tube into a waste beaker, clean each of the test tubes out, and put all materials away. 16. Combine the data that your own group obtained with the data from two other groups.This will allow for six trials worth of data, and once you obtain this sufficient amount of data, calculate the average height of the reaction for each of the five temperatures over the six trials, and then calculate the standard deviation for each of the five temperatures over the six trials as well. Variable | Unit of Precision | Error/Unc ertainty | Temperature | ? C | +/- 0. 5? C | Height | mm | +/- 0. 5mm | In the procedure, the maximum height of the reaction will be determined by marking the position of the tallest bubble that results from the reaction. Practical Safety and Risk AssessmentAll care will be taken when dealing with hot plate and hot water to prevent burning and scalding. The knife and glassware will be used carefully and hand gloves will be worn when handling hydrogen peroxide. Note the following hazards with hydrogen peroxide: Contact with eyes can cause serious long term damage. The solution is corrosive and can cause skin burns. For eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. For skin contact, wash off with plenty of water. Liver | 15 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | Liver | 15 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | Setup Diagram Design Aspect 3 Sufficiency of DataThis lab will be investigating the effect of temperature on the activity of the enzyme catalase. In this lab, five different temperatures wil l be investigated (0? C, 7? C, 19? C, 37? C, 100? C). Each temperature will have six trials, and this will ensure the reliability of the data. With the sufficient data, the standard deviation and mean will be calculated for each temperature. The rate of reaction at the different temperatures will also be calculated. DCP Aspect 1: Results – Raw Data Table 2: (Insert Title) | Height of Reaction| Temperature | | | | | | | 0. 0 | | | | | | | 7. 0 | | | | | | | 19. 0 | | | | | | | 37. | | | | | | | 100. 0 | | | | | | | Insert data with all units and uncertainties. Ensure decimals of the raw data and the uncertainty is the same. Highlight your own data. Note: The highlighted data is the data obtained by me. The rest of the data has been collected from (insert names). Qualitative Observations: In a paragraph answer the following questions: What happens after adding hydrogen peroxide to each of the test tubes? Discuss size of bubbles, fizz, shape of liver, etc. Did you see any colour change? Include at least 2 photographs (clear, preferably in colour) with commentary as evidence of your observations.DCP Aspect 2: Processing Data Table 3: Statistical Processing – The following sample calculations will be done for the raw data Statistical Analysis| Formulae| Meaning of Symbols| Sample Calculation| Mean| | The mean or averagesum of sample measurements number of samples | = | Statistical Analysis| Formulae| Meaning of Symbols| Sample Calculation| Standard Deviation| | S = standard deviationx = each individual valueX = mean of all measurements= deviation from mean = degrees of freedom| Calculated in Microsoft Excel(show Excel screen clip)| Rate of Reaction| | | |Complete this table Table 4: (Insert Title) | Height of Reaction| | | Temperature | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | Trial 6 | Average Height of Reaction | Standard Deviation (mm +/- 0. 5mm) | Rate of reaction(mm/min +/- 1. 0)| 0. 0 | | | | | | | | | | 7. 0 | | | | | | | | | | 19. 0 | | | | | | | | | | 37. 0 | | | | | | | | | | 100. 0 | | | | | | | | | | Insert data with all units and uncertainties. Ensure decimals of the raw data and the uncertainty is the same. DCP Aspect 3: Presentation of Processed DataGraph 1: (Insert title) Draw a graph of temperature vs. average height of reaction. Ensure to include the title, labels and scales of axes, units and uncertainties, vertical error bars and line of best fit (if applicable). Write up to 4 sentences commentary under the graph outlining the trend. State what the error bars represent. Graph 2: (Insert title) Draw a graph of temperature vs. rate of reaction. Ensure to include the title, labels and scales of axes, units and uncertainties, vertical error bars and line of best fit (if applicable).Write up to 4 sentences commentary under the graph outlining the trend. State what the error bars represent. CE Aspect 1: Conclusion The results obtained from this lab support/reject my hypothesis. My hypothesis was: (state hy pothesis here). By viewing the average height of the reaction, these results are supported/rejected. The liver placed in 37 °C had an average reaction height of (state) mm, (also state the average reaction heights of the other experimental setups). This data coincides/differs with the predictions stated in the hypothesis, where I stated â€Å"The liver in 100?C (complete). † By observing the constructed graph in Introduction, it is clear that the average height of the reaction initially increased as the temperature increased, but when temperatures increased past optimum (37 °C), (complete). Graph 1 constructed from the obtained data shows (discuss Graph 1). Graph 2 shows (discuss Graph 2). These results outline the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, and it is apparent that changes in temperature do/do not have an effect on the enzyme catalase. Conclusion ExplanationThe results obtained give increased insight into the role of enzymes in the human body. The beef live r closely modelled the human liver, and it is clear that catalase works best at an optimum temperature of (state). This is important because humans maintain a stable body temperature of (state), and with the aid of enzymes this temperature provides enough activation energy for metabolic reactions, in this case the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and liquid water. (Discuss why the liver placed in lower temperatures and 100 °C did not react well.Remember to cite the references used correctly). CE Aspect 2: Evaluation: Reliability While the results obtained from this lab clearly support/reject my hypothesis, the examination of the calculated standard deviation for each temperature (discuss STDEV). This range in standard deviation is due to errors that may have occurred throughout the lab. The liver placed in 0? C had a standard deviation of (sate), the liver placed in (discuss other STDEV’s). The larger the standard deviation, the less/more reliable the data. Al so discuss error bars and number of trials. Note: larger error bars = less reliable data; more trials = more reliable data). Errors/Limitations in Experimental procedure List as many errors you think may have occurred in the experimentation – from measurement as the reaction was slow, to timing, to others you can think of (preferably 5). Discuss how each of the errors could have affected your data. Significance Write a paragraph on how much the errors listed above could have impacted on your experiment’s reliability. CE Aspect 3: Suggestions for Improvements:For each of the errors mentioned above (about 5) suggest what can be done to improve this experiment in the future. Also state how these improvements will help. References Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology for the IB Diploma (Pearson International Baccalaureate Diploma: International Editions). n/a: Imprint Unknown, 2008. Print. â€Å"Effe ct of Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide. † http://www. sciencegeek. net/Biology/biopdfs/Lab_Catalase. pdf. (25 Jan. 2013). (Add your own references)

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